linux tutorial in Tamil (TSCII)

[M K Saravanan <mksarav@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>]

Dear all,

Herewith I have attached a small Linux Tutorial in Tamil (TSCII
Format) which was typed using AKARAMTeX Editor. Kindly go through this and
send your suggestion.  I am not a tamil expert so bear with english
transliteration in the tutorial here and there.  If it seems o.k. i am
planning to write a dozen of similar tutors.  (I have already written 6
exercises in English). TAM/TAB users kindly wait for some time. Currently
I dont have any TAM/TAB fonts in Linux.  (I am working on it).
you can use Murasu anjal editor (select TSCII font) to view this in
Windows.

anbudan,
-- mks --


-- 
********************************************************************
M K Saravanan, 
Member Research Staff,
The AU-KBC Centre for Internet & Telecom Technologies,
Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University,
Chromepet, Chennai 600 044.
Tamilnadu, INDIA

Tel     (O): 91 44 2417885         Email: mksarav@xxxxxxxxxxxx
Telefax (O): 91 44 2402711         URL  : http://mksarav.tripod.com
*******************************************************************



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                                        Ä¢Éì? 
                                    ** À¢üº¢ - 1 ** 

¬º¢Ã¢Â÷: Ó. §¸. ºÃŽý.
Á¢ýÉïºø:  mksarav@xxxxxxxxxxxx
¾Á¢úôÀ¾¢ôÒ:  11 «ì§¼¡À÷ 2000.

	"Ä¢Éì?"-º¢ø À½¢Â¡üÈ ¬÷Åòмý ÓýÅó¾¢ÕìÌõ ¯í¸¨Ç ÅçÅü¸¢§Èý.  
­ôÀ¢üº¢ ²ü¦¸É§Å ¸½¢ô¦À¡È¢¨Â µÃÇ× ÀÂýÀÎò¾ò ¦¾Ã¢ó¾Å÷¸Ù측¸ ±Ø¾ôÀ𼾡Ìõ.  
Ò¾¢¾¡¸ ¸½¢ô¦À¡È¢ì ¸øÅ¢¨Â ¦¾¡¼íÌÀÅÕìÌ, ­ôÀ¢üº¢¨Âô À¢ýÀüÚÅÐ ºüÚ ¸ÊÉÁ¡¸
­ÕìÌõ.  ±É¢Ûõ ÓÂýÚ À¡Õí¸û.  ÓÂüº¢ ¾¢ÕÅ¢¨Ç¡ìÌõ.  ­íÌ Å¢Çì¸ôÀ¼Å¢ÕìÌõ ¦ÀÕõÀ¡Ä¡É ¸ð¼¨Ç¸û ÔÉ¢ì? ­Âí̾Çò¾¢üÌõ ¦À¡ÕóÐõ.  

	´Õ ­Âí̾Çò¾¢ø (¬ôÀ§ÃðÊí º¢?¼õ) ­Õ Ó츢Âô À̾¢¸û ¯ñÎ.  ¦¸÷Éø ±ýÚ «¨Æì¸ôÀÎõ ¸ÕôÀ̾¢ ÁüÚõ «ôÀ¢Ç¢§¸?ý ¦Áý¦À¡Õð¸û.  ¯ñ¨Á¢ø Ä¢Éì? ´Õ ÓبÁÂ¡É ­Âí̾Çò¾¢ý ¸ÕôÀ̾¢ ÁðΧÁ.  GNU ±ýÈ ¾¢ð¼ò¾¢ý ¸£ú ¾¢Õ.âîº÷ð ?¼¡ø§Áý (Richard M Stallman) ¾¨Ä¨ÁÂ¢Ä¡É ÌØ º¸Ä Áì¸Ùõ ÀÂýÀÎòÐõ Åñ½õ ÔÉ¢ì? ­Âí̾Çò¾¢ø ¯ûǨ¾ô §À¡ý§È «¾É¢Ûõ ºì¾¢Å¡Âó¾ Àø§ÅÚ ¦Áý¦À¡Õû¸¨Ç ¯Õš츢ɡ÷¸û.  GNU ±ýÀÐ GNU's NOT UNIX ±ýÀ¾ý ÍÕì¸Á¡Ìõ.  ¾ü§À¡Ð Free Software Foundation ±ýÈ «¨ÁôÀ¢ý ãÄõ GNU ¦Áý¦À¡Õð¸û «¨ÉòÐõ "¦Áý¦À¡Õð¸û ¾É¢ÁÉ¢¾Û째¡ «øÄÐ ´Õ ¿¢ÚÅÉòÐìÌ ÁðΧÁ ¦º¡ó¾Á¡É ´Õ ¦À¡Õû «øÄ.  «Ð ¦Á¡ò¾ ÁÉ¢¾ ºÓ¾¡Âò¾¢üÌõ ÀÂýÀ¼ §ÅñÎõ" ±ýÈ ±ñ½ò§¾¡Î ¯ÕÅ¡ì¸ôÀð¼ GNU/GPL (General Public License)  ±ýÈ ¨Ä¦ºý?¢ý ¸£ú ¦ÅǢ¢¼ôÀθ¢ýÈÉ.  ­¨¾ôÀüÈ¢ §ÁÖõ Å¢ÀÃõ «È¢Â http://www.gnu.org ±ýÈ ­¨½Â ¾Çò¾¢ø ¦ºýÚ À¡÷¨Å¢¼×õ.  ­ì¸¡Ã½ò¾¢É¡ø Ä¢Éì¨? GNU/Ä¢Éì? ±ýȨÆôÀÐ
º¡ÄÈó¾¡Ìõ.

	ӾĢø Å¢¨ÃÅ¡¸ô À½¢Â¡üÈ º¢Ä «ÊôÀ¨¼ ¸ð¼¨Ç¸¨Çô À¡÷ô§À¡õ.  «ùÅô§À¡Ð Ä¢Éì?¢ý «ÊôÀ¨¼ì ¸ÕòÐì¸û ÀüÈ¢Ôõ ¬Ã¡ö§Å¡õ.  ­ôÀ¢üº¢¸û «¨ÉòÐõ RedHat Ä¢Éì?-À¾¢ôÒ 6.2 ³ô À¢ýÀüÈ¢ ±Ø¾ôÀ𼾡Ìõ.  Á¢¸ «Ã¢¾¡¸ ´Õº¢Ä ¸ð¼¨Ç¸û ¯í¸û ¸½¢ô¦À¡È¢Â¢Ä¢ÕìÌõ Ä¢Éì?¢ø  (SuSE-Linux, Debian-Linux etc..,) ¦ºÂøÀ¼¡ÁÖõ §À¡¸Ä¡õ.  

1. («)  ¿£í¸û À½¢Â¡üÚõ ­Âí̾Çò¾¢ý ¦À¨à «È¢Â:

	uname

  (¬)  ¿£í¸û ÀÂýÀÎòÐõ Ä¢Éì? ¦¸÷ÉÄ¢ý À¾¢ô¨Àì ¸ñ¼È¢Â
 
	uname -r

2. ¾ü§À¡Ð À½¢Â¡üÚõ ¨¼Ãì¼Ã¢Â¢ý ¦À¨à «È¢Â:

	pwd

pwd ±ýÀÐ present working directory «øÄÐ print working directory ±ýÚ ¦¸¡ûÇÄ¡õ.  

3.  ´Õ ¨¼Ãì¼Ã¢Â¢ø ¯ûÇ §¸¡ôҸǢý ÀðʨÄì ¸¡½ ls ¸ð¼¨Ç¨Âô ÀÂýÀÎò¾Ä¡õ.  
Ä¢Éì?¢ø (¦À¡ÐÅ¡¸ ÔÉ¢ì? ¯Ä¸ò¾¢ø) ±øÄ¡ §¸¡ôÒ¸û ÁüÚõ Ш½-¨¼Ãì¼Ã¢¸û «¨ÉòÐõ åð (§Å÷) ¨¼Ãì¼Ã¢Â¢ý ¸£ú Å⨺¡¸ «Îì¸ôÀðÊÕìÌõ.  / ±ýÈ ÌȢ£Πå𠨼Ãì¼Ã¢¨Â ÌÈ¢ìÌõ.  Ä¢Éì?¢ø ´§Ã §¿Ãò¾¢ø ÀÄ÷ À½¢Â¡üÈÄ¡õ.  §ÁÖõ ´Õŧà ´§Ã §¿Ãò¾¢ø ÀÄ §Å¨Ä¸¨Çî ¦ºö ÓÊÔõ.  ­¾É¡ø Ä¢Éì¨? Multi user - Multi Tasking ¬ôÀ§ÃðÊí º¢?¼õ ±ýÚ ÜÚÅ÷.  ¯í¸Ù¨¼Â ¬Å½í¸¨Ç «ó¿¢Ââ¼Á¢ÕóÐ À¡Ð¸¡ì¸ Ä¢Éì?¢ø ´ù¦Å¡Õ §¸¡ôÒ ÁüÚõ ¨¼Ãì¼Ã¢ìÌõ µ÷ À¡Ð¸¡ôÒ ¸Åºò¨¾ «½¢Å¢ì¸ ÓÊÔõ.  ­ùź¾¢¨Â ¦À¡ÐÅ¡¸ ÔÉ¢ì? Áì¸û File Permission ¨Àø ¦À÷Á¢?ý ±ýÚ ÜÚÅ¡÷¸û.  Ä¢Éì? ¯Ä¸ò¾¢ø Áì¸¨Ç ãýÚ ¾ÃÁ¡¸ À¢Ã¢ì¸Ä¡õ:
1) §¸¡ôÒ ÁüÚõ ¨¼Ãì¼Ã¢ì¸¨Ç ¯ÕÅ¡ìÌÀÅ÷ (User) (¯Ã¢¨Á¡Ç÷)
2) «ÅÕ¼ý §º÷óÐ ´Õ ¾¢ð¼ò¾¢ø À½¢Â¡üÚõ «ÅÃÐ º¸¡ì¸û (Group)
3) À¢È÷ (Others)
¬í¸¢Äò¾¢ø User-Group-Others ±ýÈ ¦º¡ü¸Ç¢ý Ó¾¦ÄØòÐì¸¨Ç ´ýÚ §º÷ò¾¡ø 䧸¡ (U Go - ¿£ §À¡) ±ýÚ ÅÕõ.  ´ù¦Å¡Õ §¸¡ôÒ ÁüÚõ ¨¼Ãì¼Ã¢ìÌõ ­ó¾ 䧸¡ì¸Ç¢ý ¯Ã¢¨Á¸¨Çô ÀüÈ¢ì ¸ñ¼È¢Â ls -l ±ýÈ ¸ð¼¨Ç¨Âô ÀÂýÀÎò¾Ä¡õ.  ±í§¸ å𠨼Ãì¼Ã¢Â¢ý ¸£ú ¯ûÇ §¸¡ôҸǢý 䧸¡ Åñ¼Å¡Çò¨¾ ¦ÅÇ¢§Â ¦¸¡ñÎ Å¡Õí¸û À¡÷ì¸Ä¡õ.

 
	ls -l /

¾¢¨Ã¢ø ±ýÉ ¦¾Ã¢¸¢ÈÐ?  ±øÄ¡ §¸¡ôÒ¸ÙìÌõ ÀÊì¸-±Ø¾-­Â츢ôÀ¡÷ì¸ ±ýÈ ãýÚ Å¨¸ «ÊôÀ¨¼ ¯Ã¢¨Á¸û ­ó¾ 䧸¡Å¢ÉÕìÌ ¯ñ¼¡-­ø¨Ä¡ ±ýÈ ¯ñ¨Á¨Â §Áü¸ñ¼ ¸ð¼¨Ç ¯Ä¸¢üÌ «È¢Å¢ì¸¢ÈÐ.  ÀÊì¸ (read), ±Ø¾ (write), ÁüÚõ ­Â츢ôÀ¡÷ì¸ (execute) ±ýÈ ­ó¾ ãýÚ Å¨¸ ¯Ã¢¨Á¸¨Ç rwx ±ýÚ ÍÕì¸Á¡¸ì ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ÎÅ÷.  ¬¸ ´ù¦Å¡Õ §¸¡ôÀ¢üÌõ rwx (U), rwx (G), rwx (O) ±ýÈ ¿Å츢ø Å¡ºø¸û ¯ñÎ.  ¯¾¡Ã½Á¡¸ ­í§¸ tamil.txt ±ýÈ §¸¡ôÀ¢üÌ, ¯Ã¢¨Á¡ÇÕìÌ ±Ø¾-ÀÊì¸, ÌØÅ¢üÌ ±Ø¾-ÀÊì¸, ÁüÚõ À¢ÈÕìÌ ÀÊì¸ ÁðΧÁ «¾¢¸¡ÃÓñÎ.   

-rw-rw-r--   1 mksarav  mksarav  1086 Aug 16 17:36 tamil.txt



4.  ´Õ ¸ð¼¨Ç¨Â ±ùÅ¡Ú ÀÂýÀÎò¾ §ÅñÎõ ±ýÚ ¦¾Ã¢Â¡Å¢ð¼¡ø §º¡÷óÐ §À¡ö Å¢¼§Åñ¼¡õ.  ¯í¸Ù측¸§Å man ±ýÈ ÁÉ¢¾ý ±ó§¿ÃÓõ ¯¾Åì ¸¡òÐ즸¡ñÊÕ츢ȡý.  ±.¸¡.  ls ±ýÈ ¸ð¼¨Ç¨Âô ÀüÈ¢ §ÁÖõ «È¢óÐ ¦¸¡ûÇ man (manual ±ýÀ¾ý ÍÕì¸õ) ¸ð¼¨Ç¨Â ÀÂýÀÎò¾¢, §¾¨ÅÂ¡É ¯¾Å¢¨Âô¦ÀÈÄ¡õ.

	man ls

­ó¾ ÁÉ¢¾÷ ¡¦ÃýÚ ¯í¸ÙìÌò ¦¾Ã¢Â¡Å¢ð¼¡ø:

	man man

5.  Ä¢Éì?¨º ÀÂýÀÎòÐõ ´ù¦Å¡Õ ÀÂýÀ¡ð¼¡ÇÕìÌõ «ÅÕ즸ýÚ À¢Ãò§Â¸ ¨¼Ãì¼Ã¢ ±ýÚ ´ýÚ ­ÕìÌõ.  «Å÷¾õ §¸¡ôÒì¸û «¨ÉòÐõ ­¾ý ¸£ú À¡Ð¸¡òÐ ¨Åì¸ôÀÎõ.  ­¾¨É äº÷ §?¡õ ¨¼ÃìÊâ ±ýÀ÷.  ¦À¡ÐÅ¡¸ ¯í¸û äº÷ §¿Á¢ý ¦ÀÂâ§Ä§Â ­ó¾ ¨¼Ãì¼Ã¢ «¨Áó¾¢ÕìÌõ.  ¯¾¡Ã½Á¡¸ ±ýÛ¨¼Â äº÷ §¿õ  mksarav ±ýÀ¾¡ø ±ÉÐ §?¡õ ¨¼ÃìÊâ - /home/mksarav.  ¯í¸û §?¡õ ¨¼Ãì¼Ã¢Â¢ý ¸£ú "tmp" ±ýÈ ¨¼Ãì¼Ã¢¨Â ¯ÕÅ¡ìÌí¸û.  ´Õ ¨¼Ãì¼Ã¢Â¢Ä¢ÕóÐ Áü¦È¡Õ ¨¼Ãì¼Ã¢ìÌ Á¡È "cd" ¸ð¼¨Ç¨Â ÀÂýÀÎòÐí¸û.

	mkdir /home/mksarav/tmp
	cd /home/mksarav/tmp
	

6.  ±ýÉ ¿ñÀ÷¸§Ç - §À¡ÃÊ츢Ⱦ¡?  "pico" ±Êð¼¨Ã ÀÂýÀÎò¾¢ ´Õ "º¢" ҧḢáõ ±ØЧšÁ¡?  À¢§¸¡, ÀÂýÀÎòОüÌ Á¢¸×õ ±Ç¢¨Á¡ÉÐ.  Ó츢Âì ¸ð¼¨Ç¸û «¨Éò¨¾Ôõ ¸¨¼º¢ ­Õ Åâ¸Ç¢ø ¸¡ðÊì ¦¸¡ñÊÕìÌõ.  ¯í¸û ҧḢá¨Á §ºÁ¢òÐ ¦ÅÇ¢§ÂÈ ¸ñð§Ã¡ø ÁüÚõ X ¸£¸¨Ç ´Õ§ºÃ «èò¾×õ.
   
	pico test.c

#include<stdio.h>

int main(void)  {

  printf("Hello World\n");
  return 0;

}


7.  Å¡Õí¸û.., gcc ±ýÈ «üÒ¾ "º¢" ¸õ¨ÀĨÃô ÀÂýÀÎò¾¢ ¿ÁÐ test.c ҧḢá¨Á
¸õ¨Àø ¦ºöÂÄ¡õ. gcc ¨Âô ÀÂýÀÎò¾¢ C ÁüÚõ C++ ҧḢáõ¸¨Çì ¸õ¨Àø ¦ºö ÓÊÔõ. 
«×ðÒ𨼠test ±ýÈ §¸¡ôÀ¢ø §ºÁ¢òÐ ¨Åì¸ -o ¨Åô ÀÂýÀÎò¾×õ.  

	gcc -o test test.c

­ô§À¡Ð test ³ ­Â츢ô À¡÷ô§À¡Á¡?

	./test

¾¡? ÁüÚõ Å¢ñ§¼¡? ­Âí̾Çò¨¾ô §À¡ÄøÄ¡Áø Ä¢Éì?¢ø ´Õ ·¨À¨Äì ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ð¼¡ø «¨¾ ¾ü§À¡Ð À½¢Â¡üÚõ ¨¼Ãì¼Ã¢Â¢ø (current dir) §¾¼¡Ð.  §Áü¸ñ¼ ¸ð¨¼¨Ç¢ø . ±ýÈ ÌȢ£Π¾ü§À¡Ð ¿£í¸û À½¢Â¡üÚõ ¨¼ÃìÊâ¢ø test ¨À¨Ä §¾ÎÁ¡Ú «È¢×Úòи¢ÈÐ. 

8. («)  ´Õ ¦¼ì?ð ¨ÀÄ¢ý Ó¾ø º¢Ä Å⸨Ç측½ head ¸ð¼¨Ç¨Âô ÀÂýÀÎò¾Ä¡õ

head /home/mksarav/test.c
head /usr/doc/HOWTO/DOS-Win-to-Linux-HOWTO

  (¬)  Å¡ø À̾¢Â¢¨Éô À¡÷¨Å¢¼ tail ¸ð¼¨Ç¨Âô ÀÂýÀÎò¾Ä¡õ.

tail /usr/doc/HOWTO/DOS-Win-to-Linux-HOWTO

  (­)  ¦Á¡ò¾ ¦¼ì?ð ·¨À¨ÄÔõ À¡÷¨Å¢¼ cat ¸ð¼¨Ç¨Âô ÀÂýÀÎò¾×õ

cat /home/mksarav/test.c

  (®)  ´Õ ¿£ñ¼ ¦¼ì?ð ·¨À¨Ä ¦¸¡ïºõ ¦¸¡ïºÁ¡¸ ¿¢Èò¾¢ô À¡÷¨Å¢¼ more ¸ð¼¨Ç ÀÂýÀÎõ.  more ¸ð¼¨Ç¨Âô ÀÂýÀÎòÐõ §À¡Ð À¢ý§¿¡ì¸¢î ¦ºøÄ ÓÊ¡Ð.  ±É§Å less ±ýÈ Áü¦È¡Õ ¸ð¼¨Ç ¯ÕÅ¡ì¸ôÀð¼Ð.  ­¾¢ø Óý§¿¡ì¸¢ ÁüÚõ À¢ý§¿¡ì¸¢Ôõ ¦ºøÄÄ¡õ.  ("less" is more than "more").  §ÁÖõ less ¸ð¼¨Ç¢ø Àø§ÅÚ º¢ÈôÒ Åº¾¢¸Ùõ ¯ûÇÉ.  ¯¾Å¢ìÌ man ¸ð¼¨Ç¨Âô§À¡ý§È info  ±ýÈ ¸ð¼¨Ç¨ÂÔõ ÀÂýÀÎò¾Ä¡õ.  ±í§¸ info ãÄõ less ³ôÀüÈ¢ «È¢óÐ ¦¸¡ûÙí¸û À¡÷ì¸Ä¡õ.  

cat /usr/doc/HOWTO/DOS-Win-to-Linux-HOWTO | more
cat /usr/doc/HOWTO/DOS-Win-to-Linux-HOWTO | less

info less

¦À¡ÐÅ¡¸ ÔÉ¢ì? ¯Ä¸ò¾¢ø ´Õ ¸ð¼¨Ç¨ÂôÀüÈ¢ §ÁÖõ Å¢ÀÃÁȢ ÍÕì¸Á¡¸ RTFM ±ýÚ ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢ðÊÕôÀ¡÷¸û.  ­¾üÌ Read The Fine Manual (RTFM) ±ýÚ ¦À¡Õû.  À¢ü¸¡Äò¾¢ø Åó¾ º¢Ä Å¢?Á¢¸û ­¾¨É Read The Fucking Manual ±ýÚ «¨Æì¸ò ¦¾¡¼í¸¢Å¢ð¼¡÷¸û.  ¯í¸û ź¾¢ ±ôÀÊ §ÅñÎÁ¡É¡Öõ «¨ÆòÐ즸¡ûÙí¸û.   

9.  ­ý¨È §¾¾¢ ÁüÚõ ¾ü§À¡¨¾Â §¿Ãò¨¾ô ¸¡½ date ¸ð¼¨Ç¨Âô ÀÂýÀÎò¾×õ

date

10. ±øÄ¡ §Å¨Ä¸¨ÇÔõ ÓÊò¾À¢ÈÌ º¢?¼ò¾¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ¦ÅÇ¢§ÂÈ logout «øÄÐ exit ¸ð¼¨Ç¨Âô ÀÂýÀÎò¾Ä¡õ.  ¿¡ýÌ ±ØòÐ츨Çì ܼ ¨¼ô ¦ºö ÅÄ¢¨Á ­ø¨Ä¦ÂýÈ¡ø ¦ºøÄÁ¡¸ ¸ñð§Ã¡ø ÁüÚõ D ¸£¨Â ´Õ§ºÃ «Øò¾×õ.  


                                   ** ¿ýÈ¢ ** 



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